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Home · Computers and Technology

Hypertext Transfer Protocol

Hypertext Transfer Protocol -- HTTP/1.1

Status of this Memo

This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the
Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for
improvements. Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet
Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state
and status of this protocol. Distribution of this memo is unlimited.

Copyright Notice

Copyright (C) The Internet Society (1999). All Rights Reserved.

Abstract

The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is an application-level
protocol for distributed, collaborative, hypermedia information
systems. It is a generic, stateless, protocol which can be used for
many tasks beyond its use for hypertext, such as name servers and
distributed object management systems, through extension of its
request methods, error codes and headers [47]. A feature of HTTP is
the typing and negotiation of data representation, allowing systems
to be built independently of the data being transferred.

HTTP has been in use by the World-Wide Web global information
initiative since 1990. This specification defines the protocol
referred to as "HTTP/1.1", and is an update to RFC 2068 [33].

Continue reading » Comments (1) 25.03.2007. 17:12

Clean Install Windows XP Pro

It's a hassle for a variety of reasons, but sometimes clean installing Windows is the best bet. This is doubly true of XP, especially if you were previously running a Windows 9x-based OS. The upgrade procedure works, and works well, but it still leaves your hard drive littered with the remains of the past, wasting valuable disk space and making it difficult to tell which files are OK to delete and which should be left alone.

Continue reading » Comments (0) 25.03.2007. 10:42

How to recover data from formatted Hard Drive?

How to recover data from formatted Hard Drive?

Let’s starts by answering these questions:

Why Hard Drive requires formatting? Or, why do we format Hard Drive?

A brand new hard drive always requires formatting. By the process of formatting we divide the hard drive storage space into multiple tracks, sectors & clusters. And the specification of track sector and clusters depends upon the file system & operating system, which we have opted for. There are various file systems like Fat, Fat32, Ntfs, Xfs, Vxfs, HFS etc. All these file system have its own properties, merits & demerits.

And I think you can guess the answer of our next question, to avail these features we usually change the file system & operating system like we upgrade from Fat to Fat32 or Fat32 to NTFS. Or it may happen we downgrade our file system for backward software compatibility.

This is the basic reason but other that this formatting is nearly the answer of all the daily problem of an operating system like slow start, virus attack, system error, bad sector and many other problems. Actually formatting is the shortcut solution for every problem.

During this formatting we sometime format the wrong drive or we forget to take backup of important files. Or by accidentally formatting the whole drive instead of formatting a single drive, I have committed this mistake earlier.

So let’s start the process of recovering data, I would be using Stellar FAT & NTFS Data Recovery Software to recover from formatted drive.

Download the demo version from http://www.stellarinfo.com/partition-recovery.htm and install it in separate drive. And Follow these steps:-

Caution: Never save the data to the partition or drive from where you are recovering data, as it may result in overwriting of data, and would result in permanent data loss!!!

Click the Select 'Physical Disk' button on the Icon Toolbar.

• A dialog box appears listing the physical disk(s) available.

• Select the physical disk that contains the formatted logical drive.

• Another dialog box pops up, select 'Search for logical drives' option.

• Another dialog box pops up, select 'Advance Search' option. (This process may take some time).

• Select the formatted logical drive from the list.

• Phoenix analyses the drive data structures and file system attributes and displays the directory tree.

• Some data structures are critically damaged after a drive format. It is HIGHLY recommended that you should use 'search for lost file(s) and folder(s)' option under 'Tools' menu to recover all the files and folders lost after drive format (This process may take some time).

• After 'search for lost file(s) and folder(s)' search process is complete you will find all the files and directories in the tree.

• Select 'Change Linking Mode' option from 'Tools' menu and further change the linking mode to Contiguous.

• Then select the file(s) and folder(s) you wish to recover and choose option 'Recover Selected' from toolbar.

I am sure by now you must have seen your lost data. If you could see the lost files then go for the full version otherwise I would recommend you to try this http://www.stellarinfo.com/file-recovery-software.htm . This is the advance version of Fat & NTFS Data Recovery software which works on file signature search.

Comments (0) 24.03.2007. 05:04

Oops, I Lost My Data

Data Recovery: Oops, I Lost My Data

You may be in a situation where you know your data is not being backed up correctly – or at all. You know it needs to be looked into………….but you just can’t ‘find the time’ to speak to the other team members about it.

Data is the second most irreplaceable and valuable asset after ‘people’. In the event of a disaster, insurance money can only pay compensation and replace tangible assets; it cannot replace people or your unique data.

So where do you start? Well every business has their own requirements and generally will look to their IT support company for advice on their specific needs. In my experience, IT companies (particularly for SMEs) just rather organise blue cable, servers, peripheries and maintenance plans – than ensure a decent Disaster Recover (DR) plan is in place. And if they recommend a DR plan, it will be based on their biases on the subject.

Here is what to consider and investigate when developing a data backup plan.

First – How much data are you generating each day? That is how many Gigabytes?
Second. How many days/hours of data can you afford to lose?
Third. If there is a major systems failure – how much downtime can you afford?

How much daily needs to be backed up daily? You should only need to do an incremental backup of the NEW data for the day.
When to do a FULL backup? ……………. Usually weekly.
Also you may require Archive backups……………often monthly.

Once you know the quantity of data to backup daily & weekly, you can then decide on the method.

You need to consider how much data needs to be stored on Disc (eg NAS) for rapid access in case of a systems failure; and how much data can be stored on Tape (LTO, DLT). Tape is cheaper to run but takes longer to backup and access.
The simplest method is to buy a Tape drive unit that can backup about 200 – 400 GB of data. The costs vary ($1000 - $2000) for the unit and the individual tapes cost about $50 - $60 each (you often need about 20 tapes). If your data is close to a Terabyte (TB), you are now looking into more money to set up ($5000 - $10000).
On the other hand, you can store a lot of your daily data on Disc Storage (NAS etc..) however the hardware can be very expensive to purchase and very expensive to operate. You need to keep the units running constantly - even if you just want to have access to a simple word file – the whole unit needs to keep running. A lot of electricity for disc, whereas tape just sits on the shelf.

Some experts will say tape is vulnerable to damage and corruption. The solution is the make multiple tape backups and then store in a cool, safe place. Tape actually can last years without damage.

Many companies offer off-site tape storage. This allows you to store tapes in a library/cataloguing system that can be viewed online. They are kept in a secure vault with idea climate conditions for tape longevity. You are also able to instruct the storage company how often they visit your office to exchange your backup tapes on an agreed tape rotation plan.

You just have to know what data you need to store for rapid access (Disc storage) or archive or not so urgent (Tape) and balance your expenditure and operating costs accordingly. Also remember to factor in the amount of data increase you are experiencing in your organisation (thanks to emails and larger file sizes – there is at least a 50% increase in all extant data per annum!!!)

What about the Internet?

Yes some people have backup software that allows their data to be de-duplicated and compressed so as to fit in the available bandwidth. Some IT people actually backup onto the available space in the their Website Database. Web hosters often offer a certain amount of data to be stored in the back end of the web site itself - for a monthly fee. Just check to see the extra costs associated with data transfer. Also in the event of a systems failure (where communication lines can go down – thus internet and WAN) how are you going to retrieve the data?

IT people are also known for taking home older servers – placing them in their garage and backing up data over the internet to their second hand PCs. Is this a reliable solution considering sick days, holidays, burglary and internet integrity?

Some companies will host your data in a similar way to Web hosters? Just ensure that they are in fact a suitable option when you factor in costs, reliability, bandwidth, data restoration time and DR.

What if you need a ‘Standby Data Centre” in the event of a major disaster?

You can always consult your IT Company on what to do if you need to rebuild a whole server room in a major crisis. Larger organisations have a remote DR site that allows their staff and their whole network to relocate and recommence with 1 – 2 days, in the event of a disaster. This of course bears a huge capital cost.

You can always ensure that you have data kept off site in one form or another and that you have a plan in place that allows your IT company the option to rebuild a server – load your data and get your company up and running in a couple of days….at least for critical systems. There will be some ongoing costs to keep this plan running….but keep in mind the cost of downtime for your own business. How much money is lost every hour your business is not operating?

Other simple solutions

There is more software being developed that will compress and simplify your data so that you are only backing up a smaller parcel of data.

This is definitely worth investigating, however I would recommend that you start changing policy internally with regard to backup solutions. Remember that a large source of your problem is that company employees often make several copies of the one file, do not delete there ‘Sent files’ and do not archive or manage their emails. This is where you can save a lot of memory – and thus know for sure the REAL amount of data that needs to be stored.

What if you need a ‘Standby Data Centre” in the event of a major disaster?

You can always consult your IT Company on what to do if you need to rebuild a whole server room in a major crisis. Larger organisations have a remote DR site that allows their staff and their whole network to relocate and recommence with 1 – 2 days, in the event of a disaster. This of course bears a huge capital cost.

You can always ensure that you have data kept off site in one form or another and that you have a plan in place that allows your IT company the option to rebuild a server – load your data and get your company up and running in a couple of days….at least for critical systems. There will be some ongoing costs to keep this plan running….but keep in mind the cost of downtime for your own business. How much money is lost every hour your business is not operating?

Comments (0) 24.03.2007. 05:00

The Evolution of Mac

22nd June 2006, A family of desktop and laptop computers from Apple, introduced in 1984. When spelled Mac, short for Macintosh computer. It was the first computer to popularize the graphical user interface (GUI). The combination of Mac hardware and software has been exceptionally consistent over the years, providing an ease of use that Mac users have enjoyed.

The combination of Mac hardware and software has been exceptionally consistent over the years, providing an ease of use that Mac users have enjoyed. With a Windows emulator such as Virtual PC, Macs can also run Windows and DOS applications. Since the mid 1980s, it has been essentially a Mac vs. PC world for personal computers, with Linux-based PCs gaining ground after the millennium.

A manufacturer of desktop and laptop computers and the industry's most fabled story. Founded in a garage by Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs and guided by Mike Mark Kula, Apple blazed the trails for the personal computer industry.Apple was formed on April fool’s Day in 1976. After introducing the Apple I at the Palo Alto Homebrew Computer Club, 10 retail stores were selling them by the end of the year.

In 1977, the Apple II was introduced, a fully-assembled computer with 4K RAM. Its open architecture encouraged third-party vendors to build plug-in hardware enhancements. This, plus sound and color graphics, caused Apple II is to become the most widely used computer in the home and classroom. They were also used in business primarily for the innovative VisiCalc software that was launched on it.

In 1983, Apple introduced the Lisa, was aimed at the corporate market, but was soon dropped in favor of the Mac. As a graphics-based machine, the Mac was successful as a low-cost desktop publishing system. But, things were to change.

In 1987, the Mac II offered higher speed, larger screens in color and traditional cabinetry that accepted third-party add-in cards. In 1991, Apple surprised the industry by announcing an alliance with IBM to form several companies that would develop hardware and software together. In 1994, Apple came out with its first PowerPC-based PowerMacs, which proved very popular. Its PowerBook laptops were an instant success, and all subsequent models departed from the original Motorola 680x0 architecture to the PowerPC.

It has watched its graphical interface copied more with each incarnation of Windows and watched its market share drop simultaneously. In late 1994, Apple began to license its OS to system vendors in order to create a Macintosh clone industry, which pundits had been suggesting for years. However, a couple of years later, that was discontinued.

In 1997, Apple acquired NeXT Computer, which brought Steve Jobs back to the company he founded and gave it a raft of object-oriented development tools, parts of which filtered down into the Mac OS X operating system.

In 1998, Apple introduced the iMac, a low-priced Internet-ready Mac that was the first personal computer without a floppy disk. Self-contained in one unit like the original Mac, Apple sold 800,000 iMacs in a year, making it the fastest-selling computer in its history. Apple's subsequent models, including the G4 Cube and Titanium portable, were in a class by themselves. Apple continues to offer attractive alternatives to the Windows-based PC.

The first Mac had only a floppy disk and 128K of memory, and its "high-rise" cabinet and built-in 9" monochrome screen was unique. Maintained for a number of years and streamlined in its Classic model, the high-rise gave way to more traditional cabinetry for a while. Starting in the late 1990s, Apple returned to its roots by introducing the iMac and restoring its flair for unique cabinet design.

Welcome to DVWARE! Go to http://www.dvwarehouse.com they are a leading independent reseller of quality new, used, and refurbished Macintosh computers, parts, and accessories.

Comments (0) 24.03.2007. 04:25

USB Memory Sticks

Perhaps we will soon see CDs and DVDs go by the wayside as a preferred media for movie viewing. I just saw a USB memory stick or flash drive or whatever you want to call them, with 8 Gig of memory! That’s enough for two full-length featured films! One a device that can fit on your key chain! You can now run your movies through a viewing/capture program, and then dump them to your key chain! Then when you go over to Harlod’s house to use his wall-sized ultra plasma home entertainment center with wireless surround sound and Dolby 25 MegaBlast stereo in his sunken living room with Internet access, just throw him your keys and say, “I brought the movie, you supply the brews.” Imagine how impressed he’ll be when he pops it into his PC and the Windows Media player starts the movie automatically! Ah, technology, where is thy end?
You can also use the things to haul around your latest home projects, like all 20+ hours of that edited home video stuff; imagine dropping in on your neighbor with a week-end’s worth of home videos? What could be more exciting?

Now you can also store all your ‘special’ stuff, you download from those video sites that you searched for under ‘sexy’, ‘hot’, ‘totally hot’, etc. You can also buy a bunch of USB hand drives and store things on them by categories. No more taking up valuable HDD space when you can slap it onto a USB and view it virtually anywhere, even down at the library! Their PCs have USB slots, right? All those crazy videos that you morphed into totally weird and awesome movie works of art using Avnex’s Movie Morpher Gold can now be instantly produced out of your shirt pocket. The next time someone thinks you have some thing up your sleeve, pull out the USB with Uncle Harry doing the Cha-Cha at the last family picnic. The possibilities are endless, and we haven’t even talked about audio!

Say you put all your audio files on one of those 8 giggers; how many songs would that be anyway? Eight thousands? Probably some room left for a program or two? Certainly room enough for those voice files you created in Voice Changer Software Diamond from Avnex, you know, the ones you use in the MMRPGs? What a great time to be alive, eh? What can’t you put on one of those little babies? Well, please don’t put any information on there you’d want falling into the wrong hands, such as your SS#, any bank account info, basically any personal information, especially financial. There are encryption programs that allow information to be securely copied and stored, but I could never remember the clever code words I’d invent to encrypt the data, so I just don’t put it anywhere electronic, nor should you.

So, with there seeming to be no limit on how small they can make storage devices, pretty soon we’ll all be able to carry around the combined written knowledge of the ages on a key ring. Until then, enjoy your tunes and video just about anywhere.

Comments (0) 24.03.2007. 04:22

Enjoy and Relax With Screensavers

It is a well known fact a few decades back computers used to have serious problems with monitors. When static images were left on them, monitors could easily burn them in permanently. To fight this problem, people came up with software programs that were set to change the images displayed on computer screensaver after a certain period of time, thus preventing monitors from burning. These programs were the first screensavers.

Today monitors are a lot more advanced, and displaying static images for many hours is no longer a problem. However, screensavers did not disappear; instead, they have developed and now have many new functions.

Today you may use screensavers to show your individuality and spirit, you may make your desktop unique and thus different from million of other desktops! Blooming gardens and birds' songs, gentle murmur of a brook and leaves rustling, fascinating and unforgettable space travels and many more pictures from you dreams will color your every day at home or at the office. Screensavers will always improve your mood and raise your spirit, adding something interesting to your daily life.

If you are fond of taking pictures or have collected a great stock of nice images you can make a slideshow of them and place it as a screensaver on your desktop. You can find lots of programs and utilities in the Internet which will help you to create your own screensavers. There are also huge amounts of the websites which will give you a wide variety of screensavers for your desktop.

At present 3D animated screensavers present the greatest interest. They are multifarious and spectacular and sometimes people watch them as a short movie. Such screensavers will accompany you during the holidays or take you away from boring daily routines, to the dream islands and tropical paradises, or to the nice house with a roaring fireplace and cat watching it from the armchair. Just have a look at the 3D screensaver and you will see there almost a real world, with awesome nature or mysterious and breathtaking Universe, with soothing sea and warm sand or any other place where you would like to be at this moment!

When you find a screensaver of your dream and download it, you install it and change it to your taste by choosing different scenes, views, tunes, etc. It is should be mentioned though that not all of the screensavers have various settings and can be customized. As a rule, most slideshow screensavers or free screensavers have limited functionality. Still, even among those you are likely to find attractive and colorful sceneries.

Brighten up your desktop with a screensaver and get a world of your dreams!

Comments (33) 24.03.2007. 04:20

How to improve your Outlook

Microsoft Outlook® has some most vexing faults, such as an inflexible email filter, sorting and filing system. Microsoft is often fussy about these and other Outlook® shortcomings although in general Outlook is a fabulous mail client. But at least there are solutions out there to Outlook's problems.

Continue reading » Comments (1) 24.03.2007. 04:17